[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.See §6.9 and§6.10 for a general discussion of relative clauses.On the distinction between appositive/free/restrictiverelative clauses, see the discussion of examples (127-131) in §6.11. 330Remerger Constraint: A grammatical principle which specifies that no head can be re-merged with aconstituent with which it has already been merged.Representation: A syntactic representation (or structural representation) is a notation/device(typically, a tree diagram or labelled bracketing) used to represent the syntactic structure of an expression:a semantic representation is a representation of linguistic aspects of the meaning of an expression; aPF-representation is a representation of the phonetic form of an expression.Restrictive: A restrictive theory is one which imposes strong constraints on the types of structures andoperations found in natural language grammars.See §1.3.In a different use of the word, the italicisedclause in a sentence like I saw the man who they arrested on TV is a restrictive relative clause in thesense that it restricts the class of men being referred to in the sentence to the one they arrested.Resultative: A verb such as paint in a sentence such as John painted his house pink is said to be aresultative verb in that the result of the action of painting is that the house becomes pink.See §9.5.R-expression: A referring expression containing a noun, like John or the man next door.See ex.VI.Rich: To say that a language has a rich system of agreement inflections is to say that it has a large numberof inflectional affixes which attach to verbs and distinctively mark first/second/third person forms andsingular/plural forms, with little syncretism; to say that a language has an impoverished/poor system ofagreement inflections is to say that it has only a small number of such inflections, and that these do notclearly and consistently differentiate first/second/third person forms and singular/plural forms.Root: The root of a tree diagram is the topmost node in the tree.Hence, a root clause is a free-standingclause, i.e.a clause which is not contained within any other expression.In traditional grammar, a rootclause is termed a principal clause, independent clause or main clause.By contrast, an embeddedclause is a clause which is contained within some larger expression; and a complement clause is an(embedded) clause which is used as the complement of some item.So, in a sentence such as I think heloves you , the think clause (i.e.the expression I think he loves you) is a root clause, whereas the lovesclause (i.e.the expression he loves you) is an embedded clause.Moreover, the loves clause is also acomplement clause, since it serves as the complement of the verb think.RPSC: Relative Pronoun Spellout Condition.See Relative.S/S '/S-bar: Category label used in work in the 1960s and 1970s to designate a sentence or clause.See§3.3.Scope: The scope of an expression is the set of constituents which it modifies or which fall within (whatwe might call informally) its sphere of influence.For example, a sentence like He cannot be telling thetruth has a meaning paraphraseable as It is not possible that he is telling the truth , and in such a sentencethe negative not is said to have scope over the modal auxiliary can (and conversely can is said to fallwithin the scope of not, or to have narrow scope with respect to not).By contrast, a sentence such as Youmustn t tell lies has a meaning paraphraseable as It is necessary that you not tell lies , and in such asentence, the auxiliary must is said to have scope over (or to have wide scope with respect to) the negativeparticle n t.SCP: See Strict Cyclicity Principle.SE: Standard EnglishSecond person: See Person.Select(ion)/Selectional: When a word has a particular type of complement, it is said to select (i.e. takeor allow ) the relevant type of complement (and the relevant phenomenon is referred to as complement-selection).For example, we can say that the word expect has the selectional property that it can select aninfinitive complement (e.g.in structures like They expect to win ).Semantics/Semantic component: Semantics is the study of linguistic aspects of meaning.The semanticcomponent of the grammar is the component which maps syntactic structures into semanticrepresentations.See Representation. 331Sentence: This term is usually used to denote a root clause - i.e.a free-standing clause which is notcontained within some larger expression.See Root
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]