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.The Ordo of Burchard is clearlya capital stage in the codification of the liturgy.Burchard s successor as Papal master of ceremonies was Paris of Grassi( 1528).Paris was opposed to the reform attempts of the humanist tendency,and collaborated with Patrizi in his work on the pontifical ceremonial133.Parisleft a manuscript of the last Ordo Romanus, which served as a Romanceremonial134.The characteristic of these liturgical canonists is that they in no way attemptedto change the practice of the liturgy.They largely succeeded in expressing theliturgical tradition in terms of canon law, but this process of codification wasonly to be completed by the edition of the Missal of 1570, and by centuries ofwork of the Congregation of Rites.Aspects relevant to the Mass liturgy of the work of Paul IV and the Theatineson the Roman BreviaryGianpietro Caraffa, as Pope Paul IV (1555-1559)135, is a capital figure in thehistory of the codification of the Roman liturgy.He did little in the way of131Ibid., p 173.132Ibid., pp 173-174.133Guéranger, Inst.lit., I, pp 372-373.134Ibid., p 374.135Jean Mathieu-Rosay, Chronoloqie des Papes, Bruxelle 1988, pp 380-381.Gianpietro Caraffawas born in Naples the 28th June 1476, and was 80 years old when he was elected Pope the23rd May 1555 under the name of Paul IV.In all the posts he had occupied, Bishop of Chieti,Nuncio in England, Archbishop of Brindisi, vice-Grand Chaplain to the Spanish Court, hethought only of reforming the Church.In 1524, he entered the Order of Theatines havingdisposed of all his benefices.He was created Cardinal in 1536, and from 1542, he presidedover the new commission of the Inquisition, which became with him of an extreme rigour.Having been elected Pope, under the name of Paul IV, the four years of his Pontificate were37work on the Missal, but was mainly interested in the Breviary.Mention of theDivine Office can be made here, since many of the rules governing the liturgyof the Hours apply also to the Mass, particularly concerning the Calendar.As a priest of the Theatine Order, Caraffa was charged by Clement VII tocompete with Quiñones in the effort of reforming the Roman Breviary.Thework of the former was preferred on account of its brevity, but Caraffa, onbecoming Pope, forbade the use of the new Breviary, and proceeded to hisown reform.Paul IV, as most of the Successors of Saint Peter, thought that thereform of the liturgy could be done only in Rome, for it was properly thework of the Roman Pontiff.Paul IV, as Pope, had but four years to work onhis projects which, at the end of his life, were left incomplete.Generally, itcould be said that Paul IV wanted a genuinely Roman liturgy that was true tothe line of tradition.In establishing principles for the reform of the Breviary,the work of Paul IV gives us invaluable insight into what was being plannedfor the Missal.The Theatines, as an Order, were interested in questions of liturgy, as theirlibraries show by their phenomenal collections of liturgical sources.Caraffaasked from his superior, Saint Gætan of Theatino, permission to correct theBreviary136.Permission to try a new Breviary in the Theatine Order wasgranted by dispensation of Clement VII.Caraffa provided clearer rubrics andrecast the system of readings at Matins.The two Theatine historians Tufo and Silos137 record Caraffa s method ofwork.Some material was ruthlessly scrapped, but what is more significant isthat he was interested in clarifying the rubrics.He rearranged what wasclumsy or impractical, in order to restore a sense of harmony to the Office.Having become Pope (Paul IV) in 1555, Caraffa enlisted the help of CardinalBernardine Schotto, and William Sirleto, both of whom worked on the post-Tridentine Commission138.There was thus a continuity between the pre-Tridentine work and that following the Council.Much of Caraffa s work was,in fact, adopted in the Roman Breviary of 1568.marked by his nepotism, an extreme hatred of anything to do with Spain, from the Emperordownwards and his fanaticism in his reforming actions.He was known to include Books ofthe Bible and a number of works of the Fathers on the Index ot forbidden books.Havingrecognized the failure of his Pontificate, Paul IV died in 1559, after which the peopledemolished his statue and razed the buildings of the Inquisition to the ground.Guéranger,op.cit., pp 408-410, speaks only of his liturgical work, and in a positive light.136Guéranger, op.cit., pp 408-410.137S.Baümer, Histoire du Bréviaire, vol II, Freiburg 1967, p 154; cf.J.Tufo, Historia dellarreligione dei Padri Cherici regolari, Rome 1609-1616, t II, C.XCVI, 8-13.138Bäumer, op.cit., p 155.38CONCLUSIONWe have seen that there was in the late middle ages and the period of theRenaissance a serious movement of preserving the liturgical tradition.Thiswas necessary against erosion by decadence and attacks from reformers [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]