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.347active immunity 304-5, 328-9 cytoplasm effects 258-9alveolar region, macrophages 78acute phase proteins 281 cytoplasmic membrane activityamantadine hydrochloride 124,125acycloguanosine see acyclovir257-8Ames test 484-5acyclovir (acycloguanosine) 70,mode of action 256-9, 260, 261,6-p-amidinopenicillanic acid 93, 94,126-7, 130, 174 262adaptation, drug resistance 133 95 multitarget reactors 259, 262additive effects of drug amikacin 106, 707, 108 antibacterial agents, semi-solidcombinations 128 aminacrine 226248-9adenosine arabinoside 125 D-amino acids 163antibiotic policies 145-7adenosine deaminase deficiency amino acids 472-3costs 146drug resistance 146467 bioassays 481-2free prescribing 146-7adenosine triphosphatase 258 amino groups 259adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 17 aminoacyl-tRNA 172 restricted dispensing/reporting147firefly light-emitting system 25 aminoglycoside-aminocyclitolantibiotic resistance see resistancemicrobial 372 antibiotics 106-8, 169, 171antibioticsnon-microbial 25 active uptake 171adenovirus 57,63 energy-dependent phase of uptake activity spectrum 182oncogenic 72 171 aminoglycoside-aminocyclitoladenyl cyclase 86 energy-independent phase of uptake 106-8, 170,171, 188-9,190adenylyltransferases 188 171 antifungal 114,775adhesins, antibodies against 79 assays 479-81resistance 188-9,190adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma p-lactams 92-3, 94, 95-8, 99,ribosomal target site alteration 189syndrome 72 aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes 100-4combination 134-5adverse drug reactions 135-6 189,190definition 91-2aflatoxins 49,372 aminoglycosides 131, 133,481enzymic inactivation 486agglutinins 79 burn wounds 144glycopeptide 111-12B.pertussis 81 cystic fibrosis infections 140macrolides 108-11AIDS enzymatic inactivation 133manufacture 149-50Candida albicans infection 44 toxicity 135cryptococcal meningitis 47 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) 92, benzylpenicillin 149,150-8fungal infections 114 93 cephalosporin C 149, 158, 759,Mycobacterium avium intracellular amoebiasis, intestinal 108 160276 cyclic AMP 86 fermentation 149,150Index 493P-lactams 149-50 preservatives 365-8 autoclaving, instruments 425penicillin V 149,158 properties 209 autografts 301mechanisms of action 162-79 resistance 133-4 autoimmune destruction 86chromosome function/replication selection 131,133 autoimmunity 279,298-9173-6 semi-solid 243 autolysins 167protein synthesis 169-70,163, specific inactivation 448 avoparcin 198-9171-6 sterility testing 448-9 azalidesmicroorganisms in partial synthesis superinfection 136 action on ribosomes 169protein synthesis inhibition 172477 synergism 227polypeptide 111 synthetic 115-22,123 azathioprine 301production from microorganisms therapeutic concentrations 133 azidothymidine see zidovudine (AZT)470, 473 toxicity 208 azithromycin 110,118,172rifamycins 106 types of compound 208,210-11, AZT see zidovudine (AZT)semisynthesis 92 212-21, 222, 223-7 aztreonam 102,103sources 92 antimycobacterial drugs, resistancesynthesis 92 196-7 B cells 285, 296tetracyclines 104-6antiseptics 202,230 baby hamster kidney (BHK) cellantibodies 283antibacterial activity 205 monolayers 246binding 80antifungal activity 205, 206 bacillary dysentery 29, 57feedback 296a-antitrypsin 461,463 bloody flux 82maternally-acquired 327antitubercular drugs 117-18 MacConkey's medium 18passive acquired immunity 303antiviral drugs 124-8, 174 bacille Calmette-Gu6rin (BCG)pre-formed 328API system 20vaccine 297, 306,311, 333,secretory 327arabinogalactan 168336transplacental passage 302arabinose 168efficiency 326antibody-dependent cell-mediatedarabinosyl transferase enzyme 168 potency 316cytotoxicity (ADCC) 297Archaebacteria 4 sterility tests 317antifungal agents 114,115Arthus reaction 300 Bacillus anthracis 10, 272-arylpropionic acid 478disinfectant powders 249 Bacillus brevis 27ascospores 40,41antigen 283 Bacillus cereus 27, 76antigen-antibody complexes 86 Neurospora crassa 48 biocide resistance 264antigen-presenting cells 294 aseptic areas for manufacture of sterile emetic toxin 85antigens 284 products 435-6 penicillinase production 477cross-reactive 298 Ashbya gossypii 471 Bacillus licheniformis 27antilymphocyte serum 301 L-asparaginase 476 Bacillus megaterium 342antimessages 69 Aspergillus flavipes 487 Bacillus polymyxa 27Aspergillus flavus 49 Bacillus pumilus 386antimicrobial action, target sites 163Aspergillus fumigatus 49 Bacillus spnaericus 488antimicrobial agents/drugsAspergillus niger 205, 486 Bacillus spp.acid 210,212-13Aspergillus oryzae 49adverse reactions 135-6antibiotic source 92Aspergillus parasiticus 49anatomical site of infection 133isolated from air 340Aspergillus spp.49-50chemoprophylaxis 136-7packaging contamination 348choice 202-8building contamination 349 properties 27chemical agent properties 203glass container contamination 348 raw materials for manufacturingmicrobial challenge 203isolated from air 340 process 347vegetative bacteria 204packaging contamination 348 spore 11clinical use 130-1, 137^45assay methods transfer from manufacturing processcombinations 226-7plate 481 operators 346dilution 449urease 371 Bacillus stearothermophilus 386,distribution 133asthma, extrinsic 291 387,443environmental factors 208athlete's foot 51 Bacillus subtilis 27generic substitution 146atmospherebiocide resistance 264host factors 131chemical disinfection 341, 342 cloning host 460, 462intended application 207-8compressed air 342 contamination of non-sterilelipid solubility 133disinfection 250-1 products during manufactureliquidfiltration 341 380antifungal activity 244-5 microbial content 340-1 PKU screening 483bacteriostasis estimation 242-4microbial count reduction 341-2 sterilization reference organismvirucidal activity testing 245-8 microbiological quality checking 386, 388membrane filtration 449340 water supply 342neutralizing agents 240microbiological standard Bacillus thuringiensis 488,489non-antibiotic 229-32requirements 341 bacitracin 27,92,111bacterial spore resistance 270-2microorganism fall-out in resistance 196fungal resistance 274-5manufacturing process 428 bacteraemia 84,282protozoal resistance 275suspended particles 340 bacteraemic shock 376resistance 263^1, 265, 266-76ultraviolet irradiation 341,342 see also endotoxic shockviral resistance 275, 276attenuation 279 bacteria 3-4see also biocidesAurebasidium pullulans 351 acid-fast organisms 32organism susceptibility 131,752Aurebasidium spp [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]