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.The Commissioner of Narcotics personallysigned the papers, and special couriers carried pouches of il-legal drugs through Washington streets and then up to the pro-fessor at Rochester.Receipts show that the Bureau sent theNavy 30 grams of pure heroin and 11 pounds of "Mexicangrown" marijuana, among other drugs.Like most serious drug researchers, Wendt sampled every-thing first before testing on assistants and students.The drugthat took up the most space in his first progress report washeroin.He had became his own prime subject.At weekly inter-vals, he told the Navy, the psychologist gave himself heroininjections and then wrote down his reactions as he movedthrough the "full range" of his life: driving, shopping, recrea-tion, manual work, family relations, and sexual activity.Henoted in himself "slight euphoria.heightened aesthetic ap-preciation.absentminded behavior.lack of desire tooperate at full speed.lack of desire for alcohol.possiblyreduced sex interest.feeling of physical well-being." Heconcluded in his report that heroin could have "some, but slightvalue for interrogation" if used on someone "worked on for along period of time."*Wendt never had any trouble getting student volunteers.Hesimply posted a notice on a campus bulletin board, and hewound up with a long waiting list.He chose only men subjectsover 21, and he paid everyone accepted after a long interview$1.00 an hour.With so much government money to spend, hehired over 20 staff assistants, and he built a whole new testingfacility in the attic of the school library.Wendt was cautiouswith his students, and he apparently did not share the harddrugs with them.He usually tested subjects in small groups*What Wendt appears to have been getting at namely, that repeated shots ofheroin might have an effect on interrogation was stated explicitly in a 1952CIA document which declared the drug "can be useful in reverse because ofthe stresses produced when.withdrawn from those addicted." Wendt's inter-est in heroin seems to have lasted to his death in 1977, long after his experi-ments had stopped.The woman who cleaned out his safe at that time told theRochester Democrat and Chronicle she found a quantity of the white powder,along with syringes and a good many other drugs.THE PROFESSOR AND THE "A " TREA TMENT 37four to eight at a time.He and his associates watched througha two-way mirror and wrote down the subjects' reactions.Healways used both placebos (inert substances) and drugs; thestudents never knew what if anything they were taking.Ac-cording to Dr.Thompson, to have alerted them in advance andthus given themselves a chance to steel themselves up "wouldhave spoiled the experiment."Nonetheless, Wendt's procedure was a far cry from true un-witting testing.Any drug that was powerful enough to breakthrough an enemy's resistance could have a traumatic effect onthe person taking it particularly if the subject was totally un-aware of what was happening.The Navy research plan was todo preliminary studies on subjects like Wendt's students, andthen, as soon as the drug showed promise, to try it under fieldconditions.Under normal scientific research, the operationaltests would not have been run before the basic work wasfinished.But the Navy could not wait.The drugs were to betested on involuntary subjects.Thompson readily admits thatthis procedure was "unethical," but he says, "We felt we had todo it for the good of country."During the summer of 1952, Professor Wendt announced thathe had found a concoction "so special" that it would be "theanswer" to the truth-drug problem, as Thompson recalls it."Ithought it would be a good idea to call the Agency," saysThompson."I thought they might have someone with some-thing to spill." Wendt was adamant on one point: He would nottell anyone in the Navy or the CIA what his potion contained.He would only demonstrate.Neither the CHATTER nor ARTI-CHOKE teams could resist the bait.The Navy had no source ofsubjects for terminal experiments, but the CIA men agreed tofurnish the human beings in Germany even though theyhad no idea what Wendt had in store for his guinea pigs.TheCIA named the operation CASTIGATE.After settling into a Frankfurt hotel, Wendt, Thompson, andthe Naval Intelligence man set out to meet the ARTICHOKEcrew at the local CIA headquarters.It was located in the huge,elongated building that had housed the I.G.Farben industrialcomplex until the end of the war.The frantic bustle of a U.S.military installation provided ideal cover for this CIA base, andthe arrival of a few new Americans attracted no special atten-tion [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]