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.Publicistic Style.The general aim of publicistic style is to impact public opinion, to cause the reader (listener) to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, essay or article.Publicistic style may vary depending on the theme, on the cultural level of the supposed reader an d never upon an individual temperament and linguistic tastes of the author.But its main features are always the same.In a particular way publicistic style is aspected in newspaper texts.Not all the printed matter found in newspapers comes under newspaper style.One finds not only news and comments on it, but stories and poems, crossword puzzles, chess problems and the like.Of course, the latter cannot be considered specimens of publicistic style.The orator's speech may appear in an oral form of publicistic style.Contemporary orator's speech is less rhetoric (more simplified) but still tradition is very strong.The orators enrich their speeches using vivid and variegated expressive means.Scientific-prose style.Its purpose is to inform some knowledge, pertaining to a certain branch of science that accounts for abundance of scientific terminology.As to grammar peculiarities it is syntactical precision, that is why no ellipsis is found (as a rule), participial, gerundial constructions and infinitives as attributes are in abundance and passive voice as well in branches of physics' math, history, natural sciences and technique.In some philosophic, pedagogical, linguistic works scientific prose style is used side by side with publicistic style.The style of official documents.It is marked by its traditional nature.Definite speech clichés, strict forms are characteristic of this style.Typical in this respect is an extract from `The White Monkey' (Galsworthy).The dying George Forsyte dictates his will to Soames.`My three screws to young Val Dartie, because he's the only Forsyte that knows a horse from a donkey.' A throaty chuckle sounded ghastly in the ears of Soames.`What have you said?' Soames read: `I hereby leave my three race horses to my kinsman, Valerius Dartie of Wandson, Sussex , because he has special knowledge of horses'.So in lexis we find archaisms (kinsman, ilk, henceforth, hence, heritor…), specialized foreign words: status quo, persona grate, entente cordiale…, commercial terms: aviso, acceptor, account current, contractor…, judicial: acquittal, inhibition, manslaughter….As to syntax - very extended sentences embracing the whole content of the document.Colloquial Style.The second of the main functional styles of Modern English may be called `free' as it contains more or less substantial deviations from the strict literary norm.Oral form usually of dialogue character is the leading feature of this style.`Free' style is subdivided into two types: literary colloquial style and low colloquial style.1.Literary-colloquial style.It is intermediate between literary elaborate style and `free' style.It comprises features of both.However, as to its main features it stands nearer to `free' style.On the one hand it does not contain jargon words, dialect words, vulgarisms; very often bookish and foreign words are used in it.Its syntax is in accordance with strict rules of the literary pattern.This makes it related to literary elaborate style.On the other hand, there are some peculiarities that make it related to `free' style.For instance, it admits words with suffixes of subjective evaluation (Charlie, duckie, dearie) as well as epithets replacing them (dear, little, sweet etc.) Interjections: oh, well, why, there and exclamations like: Dear me, Good gracious are also widely used.As an exception lowered words are met as well.Syntactical constructions are usually not complicated: simple sentences though with wide use of participial and infinitival elements are characteristic of this style.This style is usually used when speakers must confine themselves to the forms of conventional `society' rules or when they speak on serious or business subjects.E.g.Two people, little acquainted, are speaking trying to stick to the tone of underlined society correctness.Sartorius: I do not disturb you, I hope, Mr.Cokane.Cokane: By no means.Our friend Trench has entrusted me with a difficult and delicate task.He has requested me, as a friend of the family, to write to them on a subject that concerns you.Sartorius: Indeed, Mr.Cokane.Well, the communication cannot be in better hands.The colour of the remarks is purposely literal, no contracted forms (do not could not) but still there is a colloquial element (well).2.Low-colloquial Style.All numerous peculiarities of this style are deviations from the literary norm.In lexis the most important of them are: wide usage of lowered words and slang, a tendency to constant substitution of neutral or bookish words with post-position elements.to land = to put down to remove (a stain) = to take out… to proceed, to continue = to go on Interjections of the type: well, why, there, dear me, oh my, gee are most often met.Low- colloquial speech abounds in universal words: v.fix, get; n.thing, business, affair; adj.nice, jolly, rotten, foul, swell; the pronoun some - порядочный, ничего себе).Syntax has the following specific features: In complex sentences asyndetical connection prevails over syndetical.Coordination over subordination; wide usage of the conjunction `and'; wide usage of ellipsis: `What are you doing? - Trying to put on my coat.' The tautological repetition (esp.of the type, `You are crazy, you are',) and the so called disjunctive question: `Nice weather, isn't it?'.The abundant use of parenthetical elements: indeed, sure, no doubt, perhaps, maybe, which are turned into word-parasites: Really? Perhaps, I'm rather.Is very old thing , you know.From phonetic point of view oral speech is characterized by careless pronunciation: feller= fellow, dunno=don't know, attaboy=that's a boy.Low colloquial speech is characterized by emotional colouring which can be perceived in abundance of interjections and parenthetic words, numerous hyperboles and repetitions.E.g.'Oh, Pete, did I tell you what that dub of a cashier said when I came in late yesterday? Oh, it was perfectly priceless!'`Did you notice how Dotty was dancing? Gee, wasn't she the limit!'Low colloquial style is used in a written form as well - in private correspondence, intimate diaries etc.In the newspaper or to be exact in columns dealing with sensational trials it acquires, so to say, sort of a tradition.The style of headlines and advertisements is peculiar in this respect.The headline must be at most brief, loud, it must contain a hint at the theme of an article (or notice) not to clear to interest the reader, skimming through multi-paged English papers: `Dies after Locos Collide'; 87-th Congress Ends with Little for People; Boy Blue Slung his Hook; -` Boy blue' - evidently `in' is missing - dressed in, the jargon expression `to sling one's hook' -сбежать its stylistic equivalent - смыться смотаться.Advertisements also have their own peculiarities.Those who offer work usually place ads of the type: `Cook wanted' with enumeration of conditions of work.Those who seek work usually give some information about themselves: Single man, aged 30 no ties, seeks situation in any capacity, climate and conditions, main qualifications: loyalty and initiative.Laconism of private ads is caused not only by consideration of economy but by the necessity to inform the main characteristics in such a form which might help find what is needed at once.In English newspapers there are columns of ads about engagements, marriages, births, deaths, special commemoration of the dead.In journalistic jargon all such ads are called in play - The catches, matches, hatches and dispatches [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]